Ablative (-den)

The Ablative case (Ayrılma Hali / Çıkma Hali) primarily indicates origin or separation from a place, person, or thing. It can also be used for comparisons ("than"), to indicate passage "through," or cause "because of."

Suffixes:

The ablative suffix follows A-Type vowel harmony and consonant assimilation (hardening), similar to the locative case:

• After vowels and voiced consonants: -dan (if last vowel is a, ı, o, u) or -den (if last vowel is e, i, ö, ü).
• After voiceless consonants (f, s, t, k, ç, ş, h, p - "FıSTıKÇı ŞaHaP"): -tan (if last vowel is a, ı, o, u) or -ten (if last vowel is e, i, ö, ü).

Examples:

• Evden çıktım. (I went out from the house.) (ev + -den)
• Okuldan geliyorum. (I am coming from school.) (okul + -dan)
• Bu hediye arkadaşımdan. (This gift is from my friend.) (arkadaşım + -dan)
• Ağaçtan elma düştü. (An apple fell from the tree.) (ağaç + -tan, ç is voiceless)
• Kitaptan bir bölüm okudum. (I read a chapter from the book.) (kitap + -tan, p is voiceless)

Other Uses:

• Comparison ("than"): Ali, Mehmet'ten daha uzun. (Ali is taller than Mehmet.)
• Passage ("through"): Pencereden baktı. (He/She looked through the window.)
• Cause ("because of" / "due to"): Korkudan konuşamadı. (He/She couldn't speak out of fear.)