Grammar
- Verb Stems & Infinitives
- Person Suffixes
- Present Simple / Aorist (-r)
- Present Continuous (-iyor)
- Past Simple / Definite Past (-di)
- Past Continuous / Imperfect (-iyordu)
- Future Tense (-ecek/-acak)
- Narrative/Reported Past (-miş)
- Imperative Mood
- Optative Mood (-e)
- Necessitative Mood (-meli/-malı)
- Conditional Mood (-se/-sa)
- Ability (-ebilmek/-abilmek)
- Negation (-me/-ma)
- Questions (-mi?)
- Passive Voice (-il/-in)
- Causative Voice (-dir, -t, etc.)
- Verbal Nouns (-me, -mek, -iş)
- Participles (Sıfat-Fiiller)
- Gerunds / Adverbial Clauses
Grammar
Ablative (-den)
CEFR level: A1 · Topic: Nouns & Noun Phrases
The Ablative case (Ayrılma Hali / Çıkma Hali) primarily indicates origin or separation from a place, person, or thing. It can also be used for comparisons ("than"), to indicate passage "through," or cause "because of."
Suffixes:
The ablative suffix follows A-Type vowel harmony and consonant assimilation (hardening), similar to the locative case:
- After vowels and voiced consonants: -dan (if last vowel is a, ı, o, u) or -den (if last vowel is e, i, ö, ü).
- After voiceless consonants (f, s, t, k, ç, ş, h, p - "FıSTıKÇı ŞaHaP"): -tan (if last vowel is a, ı, o, u) or -ten (if last vowel is e, i, ö, ü).
Examples:
- Evden çıktım. (I went out from the house.) (ev + -den)
- Okuldan geliyorum. (I am coming from school.) (okul + -dan)
- Bu hediye arkadaşımdan. (This gift is from my friend.) (arkadaşım + -dan)
- Ağaçtan elma düştü. (An apple fell from the tree.) (ağaç + -tan, ç is voiceless)
- Kitaptan bir bölüm okudum. (I read a chapter from the book.) (kitap + -tan, p is voiceless)
Other Uses:
- Comparison ("than"): Ali, Mehmet'ten daha uzun. (Ali is taller than Mehmet.)
- Passage ("through"): Pencereden baktı. (He/She looked through the window.)
- Cause ("because of" / "due to"): Korkudan konuşamadı. (He/She couldn't speak out of fear.)
- Material: Bu masa tahtadan yapıldı. (This table is made of wood.)
After a 3rd-person possessive, an n is added: evinden (from his/her house). Some verbs always take the ablative: korkmak (to be afraid of), hoşlanmak (to like), nefret etmek (to hate), bahsetmek (to talk about): Kedilerden hoşlanırım. (I like cats.)
Common Mistakes
- ✗ kitapdan → ✓ kitaptan (hardening after p)
- ✗ Köpekleri korkuyorum. → ✓ Köpeklerden korkuyorum. (korkmak takes the ablative)
- ✗ Ali'den uzun daha → ✓ Ali'den daha uzun (daha comes before the adjective, and is often left out: Ali'den uzun)
Practice Zone
1. How do you say 'from home' if 'ev' means home?
2. How do you say 'from the market' if 'market' means market?